Description
FDA APPROVED INDICATIONS AND DOSAGE 1
| Agent |
Indication |
Ref# |
Zolgensma ®
(onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi)
Intravenous infusion
|
Treatment of pediatric individuals less than two years of age with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with bi-allelic mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene
Limitations of use:
- The safety and effectiveness of repeat administration of Zolgensma have not been evaluated
- The use of Zolgensma in individuals with advanced SMA (e.g., complete paralysis of limbs, permanent ventilator dependence) has not been evaluated
|
1 |
CLINICAL RATIONALE
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, caused by bi-allelic loss or dysfunction of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. The two versions of SMN, SMN1 and SMN2, differ by only five nucleotides. SMN1 produces a full-length transcript that encodes functional SMN protein. About 94% of SMA individuals have a homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7. SMN1 can be absent because of deletion or SMN1-to-SMN2 conversion. The SMN1 and SMN2 genes are all located at 5q13.2, an unstable chromosomal region that is prone to deletion, duplication, and gene conversion. A single nucleotide transition in SMN2 exon 7 relative to SMN1 causes most of the SMN2 pre-mRNA to lack exon 7 and encode nonfunctional SMNΔ7 protein. However, about 10% of SMN2 pre-mRNA is normal and can be translated into full-length SMN protein. (9) Insufficient levels of the survival motor neuron protein result in a loss of motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord, progressive muscular atrophy, and weakness. SMA has an incidence of approximately one (1) in 10,000 live births and a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 54. SMA is classified into four subtypes (1-4) based on age of onset of symptoms and motor milestone achievement. This variability in the clinical phenotype is largely a result of the number of copies of the survival motor neuron gene 2 (SMN2), which produces a small, insufficient amount of SMN protein. The SMA type 1 (SMA1) phenotype is the most severe, and accounts for 60% of SMA individuals.(2) The presence of two copies of SMN2 is associated with SMA1. Infants with SMN1 bi-allelic deletions and two copies of SMN2 have a 97% risk of SMA1. (3)
Clinical Classification of SMA (4)
SMA Type
|
Age of Onset
|
Highest Achieved Motor Function
|
Natural Age of Death
|
Typical Number of SMN2 Copies (5)
|
0
|
Prenatal/fetal
|
None
|
<6 months
|
1
|
1
|
<6 months
|
Sit with support only
|
<2 years
|
1-3
|
2
|
6-18 months
|
Sit independently
|
>2 years
|
2-3
|
3
|
>18 months
|
Walk independently
|
Adulthood
|
3-4
|
4
|
Adult (20s-30s)
|
Walk through adulthood
|
Adulthood
|
≥4
|
The onset of symptoms for SMA1 occurs shortly after birth and prior to six months of age with a clinical hallmark of the inability to achieve independent sitting. (2) A historical cohort showed that the median age at symptom onset among infants with the disease was 1.2 months (range, 0 to 4 months). (3) Infants with SMA1 rapidly lose motor function and ultimately succumb to respiratory complications often within the first year of life. Studies of SMA1 infants with two SMN2 copies offered standard of care showed a median age of death or permanent ventilation (greater than or equal to 16h/day for at least 14 consecutive days) that ranged from eight (8) to 10.5 months. (2) Individuals with SMA1 do not achieve major milestones in function and have a decline in function, as measured on the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-INTEND) scale, which ranges from zero (0) to 64, with higher scores indicating better motor function. In a historical analysis of 34 individuals with SMA1, all but one of the individuals did not reach a score of at least 40 after six (6) months of age. In another cohort, CHOP-INTEND scores decreased by a mean of 10.7 points from six (6) months to 12 months of age. (3)
Molecular genetic testing is the standard tool for diagnosis of SMA. Genetic testing for homozygous deletion will confirm the disease in 95% of individual. Essentially all other individuals with SMN-related SMA will be compound heterozygotes with a single SMN1 deletion and a mutation in the other SMN1 copy. (8)
Zolgensma is a gene therapy that is given as a one-time IV administration that delivers a copy of SMN in a self-complementary adeno-associated viral serotype 9 (scAAV9). This has induced SMN expression in motor neurons and peripheral tissues. Its efficacy was evaluated in an ongoing open-label, single-arm clinical trial and a completed open-label, single arm, ascending-dose clinical trial. individuals studied experienced onset of clinical symptoms consistent with SMA before six (6) months of age. All had genetically confirmed bi-allelic SMN1 gene deletions, two (2) copies of the SMN2 gene, and absence of the c.859G greater than C modification in exon 7 of SMN2 gene. (3) A study of the c.859G greater than C modification variant led researchers to conclude that this variant is a milder SMA allele, which is present in a minority of individuals with chronic SMA, but not in any with type 1 disease. (6) All individuals had baseline anti-AAV9 antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:50 as measured by ELISA(7). Efficacy was established based on survival and achievement of developmental motor milestones. Survival was defined as time from birth to either death or permanent ventilation. Efficacy was also supported by assessments of ventilator use, nutritional support and CHOP-INTEND scores. In the ongoing trial, 21 individuals were enrolled, none of which required non-invasive ventilator support and all could exclusively feed orally. At the time of data cutoff, 19 individuals were alive without permanent ventilation and continuing in the trial. One individual died at age 7.8 months due to disease progression, and one individual withdrew at age 11.9 months. Thirteen of the nineteen individuals reached 14 months of age without permanent ventilation. Ten of 21 individuals achieved the ability to sit without support for greater than or equal to 30 seconds between 9.2 and 16.9 months of age (mean 12.1 months). Based on the natural history of the disease, individuals who met the study entry criteria would not attain the ability to sit without support, and only approximately 25% of these individuals would be expected to survive without permanent ventilation beyond 14 months of age. (1)
Efficacy
The complete clinical trial enrolled 15 individuals with infantile-onset SMA, with genetically confirmed diagnosis of SMA1, homozygous SMN1 exon 7 deletions, and two copies of SMN2, with absence of the c.859G greater than C modification. Of the 16 individuals screened, one (1) was excluded because of persistently elevated anti-AAV9 titers greater than 1:50. Three individuals were assigned to the low-dose (6.7x10 13 VG/kg) cohort, the remaining 12 received high dose (2.0x10 14 VG/kg). Average age for cohort one (1) at time of treatment was 6.3 months (range 5.9 to 7.2), while average age in cohort 2 was 3.4 months (range 0.9 to 7.9). Individual one (1) in cohort one (1) resulted with serum aminotransferase elevations, which led to a protocol amendment. Individuals two (2) through 15 received oral prednisolone one (1)mg/kg daily for 30 days, starting 24 hours before the administration of Zolgensma. The primary outcome was the determination of safety based on any treatment-related adverse events of grade three (3) or higher. The secondary outcome was the time until death or the need for permanent ventilatory assistance. Exploratory outcomes included motor-milestone achievements and CHOP-INTEND scores. At the end of the study, all individuals had reached an age of at least 20 months and did not require permanent mechanical ventilation. At 29 months of age, one (1) individual required permanent ventilation because of hypersalivation. All individuals had increased scores from baseline on the CHOP-INTEND scale and maintained these changes during the study. Eleven of twelve individuals in cohort 2 were able to sit unassisted for at least five (5) seconds, ten for at least 10 seconds, and nine (9) for at least 30 seconds. Other motor milestones were also positive, and eleven of twelve attained the ability to speak. No individuals in historical cohorts had achieved any of these motor milestones and rarely achieved the ability to speak. (3)
In Zolgensma clinical trials, individuals were required to have baseline anti-AAV9 antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:50, measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The safety and efficacy of Zolgensma in individuals with anti-AAV9 antibody titers above 1:50 have not been evaluated. Starting one day prior to Zolgensma infusion, individuals should receive systemic corticosteroids equivalent to oral prednisolone at 1 mg/kg of body weight per day for a total of 30 days. At the end of systemic corticosteroid treatment, check liver function be clinical examination and by laboratory testing. (1)
Safety
Zolgensma has no contraindications. 1
Zolgensma has the following boxed warnings: 1
- Acute serious liver injury, acute liver failure, and elevated aminotransferases can occur with Zolgensma
- Individuals with pre-existing liver impairment may be at higher risk
- Prior to infusion, assess liver function of all individuals by clinical examination and laboratory testing (e.g., hepatic aminotransferases [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)], total bilirubin, and prothrombin time). Administer systemic corticosteroid to all individuals before and after Zolgensma infusion. Continue to monitor liver function for at least three (3) months after infusion
